Phenotypic plasticity of two invasive alien plant species inside a deciduous forest in a strict nature reserve in Italy

ABSTRACT

Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) represent one of the main biological threats to biodiversity worldwide. Information about their phenotypic plasticity are needed to increase awareness about their future invasive potential. A study about phenotypic plasticity in response to contrasting light regimes and its quantification by a plasticity index (PI) of two IAPs (Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia) inside a Strict Nature Reserve was conducted. R. pseudoacacia showed a 70% higher PI, with a strongly greater value at morphological leaf level, associated with a greater ability to survive and grow in forest understory, explaining its greater widespread. Otherwise, A. altissima showed its highest PI at physiological level, which was associated with the ability to colonize and grow in environments with high-light regimes. Based on these results, the conservative management has limited the presence of A. altissima by its lower ability to grow in forest understory. In fact, the small-scale gaps in the forest infrastructure, that could allow its recruitment, are originated only from the death of a single tree or small group of trees. Regarding R. pseudoacacia, it is critical to maintain this type of management because any disturbances resulting in large openings could further promote its presence inside the Reserve.     

施磷对苜蓿光合产物在根茎叶的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷后紫花苜蓿根、茎、叶中光合产物分配与苜蓿抗蓟马能力的关系,本试验以紫花苜感虫品种‘甘农3号’和抗虫品种‘甘农9号’为材料,以北方苜蓿蓟马类优势害虫牛角花齿蓟马(Odontothripsloti)为研究对象,设0mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、27mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、54mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)、81mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)和108mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)5个磷水平,分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4,在苜蓿6叶期,按3头·株~(-1)接入牛角花齿蓟马,分别于苜蓿持续受害7 d、14 d和21 d时,评价苜蓿的受害指数,测量单株叶、茎、根生物量和根、茎、叶中的可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明:随着施磷水平的升高,‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’苜蓿的受害指数降低,总体以P3水平下最低;受害7 d时,两个苜蓿品种受害指数均下降但不显著;受害14 d和21 d时受害指数下降显著(P0.05)。施磷后苜蓿根、茎和叶生物量均显著增加,在蓟马为害前期(7d)和中期(14d)苜蓿受害较轻时,生物量向叶中分配较多;在受到持续较重的为害后(21d),苜蓿的生物量更多向根系分配,相应分配到叶部的生物量有所下降,茎秆中的生物量分配比例变化不显著。相对于‘甘农3号’,各施磷水平下‘甘农9号’分配到叶中的生物量更多。施磷后苜蓿根、茎和叶中可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著增加,随着受害时间的持续,苜蓿根、茎和叶中的淀粉含量总体下降,而可溶性糖含量持续增加;在受害14 d和21 d时,‘甘农9号’的叶和根中的可溶性糖及淀粉含量明显高于‘甘农3号’。总之,施磷可有效增强苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性,在虫害压力适中时,施磷促进了苜蓿地上部分的补偿生长,虫害压力较大时,施磷保证根系的生长以维持其生存。随着受害时间的持续,苜蓿存贮型碳水化合物淀粉的含量趋向减少,根、茎和叶中的可溶性糖含量升高,使较多的资源用于苜蓿光合器官和贮藏器官的构建。P3水平[81 mg(P_2O_5)·kg~(-1)(土)]为本试验中苜蓿最佳施磷水平。     

宁夏绿洲禾豆牧草混播组合及其比例效应

在宁夏中部半干旱带有补灌的条件下,以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)和老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)为试验材料,豆科与禾本科牧草分别按照3∶7、5∶5、7∶3共3种不同比例进行混播,研究了不同混播组合及比例对其经济投入产出比、干草及主要营养成分产量、相对总产量及竞争力等方面的影响。两年的试验结果表明,3种豆禾牧草混播比例的产量均显著大于单播禾本科牧草的产量(P0.05)。苜蓿与禾本科牧草混播组合2013年及2014年的产量均显著高于沙打旺与禾本科牧草的混播组合(P0.05),其中,紫花苜蓿∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合的产量为最高(P0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪的总产量最高且投入产出比最低。紫花苜蓿+禾草组合中豆科牧草竞争力均大于相同比例下沙打旺+禾本科牧草组合中豆科牧草竞争力。沙打旺+禾本科牧草混播组合中,相对总产量(RYT)大于1的组合多于紫花苜蓿+禾本科牧草混播组合,其中,沙打旺∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合的两年平均RYT最高。以上结果说明,在宁夏中部半干旱带建植栽培草地时,紫花苜蓿∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合有较好的产量效应和最低的投入产出比;而沙打旺∶羊草为7∶3的混播组合中不同物种生长较为均衡。     

Factors Affecting Recipients' Pregnancy,Pregnancy Loss,and Foaling Rates in a Commercial Equine Embryo Transfer Program

During 11 breeding seasons, 351 7- to 10-day-old horse embryos were nonsurgically transferred into recipients that ovulated between 3 and 10 days earlier. Pregnancy rates at 14 and 40 days and foaling rates were 77.8% (273/351), 69.2% (243/351), and 64.4% (226/351), respectively. Pregnancy loss between 14 and 40 days was 11% and between 40 days and delivery was 7%. The transfer of quality grade 3 to 4 embryos resulted in a significantly lower pregnancy rate at 14 days compared with the transfer of grade 1 to 2 embryos (46.2% vs. 79%; P < .05). Eight-day-old embryos resulted in significantly lower pregnancy losses than day 9 or 10 embryos, as occurred for embryos between 400 and 1200 μm compared with embryos <400 μm. Embryos recovered from mares >20 years resulted in a significantly higher pregnancy loss rate than those recovered from younger mares. The same happened for embryos coming from mares affected by reproductive pathologies compared with healthy mares performing sport activity. None of the evaluated parameters influenced recipients' foaling rate significantly.     

基于DLMS/COSEM的嵌入式自动抄表集中器的设计与实现

环境污染责任保险因开展经验及历史数据不足致费率难以合理厘定，引入模糊信息粒及综合评价理论，相对传统方法，更能实现费率厘定的公平合理，保障各方利益.本文以化学原料及化学制品制造业为研究对象，首先运用模糊信息粒理论处理历史数据，克服数据模糊不确定性，得出第三者赔偿额的模糊信息粒X~；其次运用传统精算定价方法得出行业基准费率的模糊信息粒p~；最后运用模糊综合评价二级评价理论，综合追溯期、企业规模等影响因素，得出投保企业风险综合评价集B~，以此修正基准费率.     

基于EXCEL的作物灌水率图自动绘制与修正

在灌区的规划设计中,传统作物灌水率图的绘制一般都是手工方法,不仅效率低且修正起来很不方便,而且现有的灌水率图绘制软件一般存在着灌水率计算和灌水率图绘制相互独立、无法实时动态修正等不足.基此,综合利用EXCEL软件强大的数据处理、分析功能以及图形自动绘制功能,将灌水率计算与灌水率图绘制有机结合,从而实现灌水率图的快速绘制和动态调整.这种方法操作方便、简单,值得在工程设计部门推广使用.     

铅和（或）镉对体外培养肾细胞的毒性损伤

在培养液中加入不同浓度的Cd（10、20、40μmol／L）、Pb（10、20、40μmol／L）和Pb-Cd联合（分别为5、10、20μmol／L），来探讨铅镉对肾细胞的作用及可能机制。在显微镜下观察细胞形态、测定细胞凋亡率和细胞周期及上清液脂质过氧化指标。结果表明：20μmol／L以上染毒组细胞皱缩、体积变小，表面有细胞碎片，甚至呈泡沫状或树枝状；铅、镉单独和联合染毒组GSH—Px、SOD活性随染毒剂量的增加，呈逐渐下降趋势（P〈0．05）．而MDA含量和凋亡率则呈升高趋势（P〈0．05），并存在剂量和时间效应。镉和铅也能使细胞周期停滞。Pb、Cd联合可加剧细胞损伤。     

酶联免疫吸附法测定畜禽组织中恩诺沙星的残留量

利用抗原抗体反应的高度特异性和酶的高效催化作用相结合,测定畜禽组织中恩诺沙星的残留量。结果表明,该检测方法简便、快速、灵敏。     

叶菜型甘薯大棚越冬栽培薯苗存活率及其产量性状表现

为提高叶菜型甘薯的繁殖系数,保证种植种源的持续供应,采用薯苗大棚栽培越冬留种,研究不同品种和节位薯苗越冬栽培的薯苗地上和地下部性状。结果表明:叶菜型甘薯福菜薯18和鄂菜薯1号的茎尖薯苗和二节薯苗越冬存活率最高为77.50%,最低为66.25%;鄂菜薯1号茎尖薯苗越冬苗株高最高为29.3cm,茎尖薯苗株高均与二节薯苗的株高差异显著;二节薯苗分枝数、薯苗产量最高分别为62.77个/m2、493.34kg/667m2,均显著高于茎尖薯苗;越冬地下茎存活率以二节薯苗优于茎尖薯苗,存活率在73.75%~82.50%;茎尖薯苗的柴根产量和数量均优于二节薯苗,分别达128.89kg/667m2和16.1个/m2。结论:以二节薯苗栽培越冬,其来年薯苗分枝、产量、地下茎性状均优于茎尖薯苗,薯苗直接栽插繁殖、地下茎萌发繁殖速度均快于柴根。     

不同土豆添加量对蝴蝶兰“光芒四射”增殖生长的影响

以蝴蝶兰"光芒四射"增殖芽为外植体,研究了不同的土豆添加量对其增殖倍率及转接周期的影响。结果表明,在K6培养基中加入土豆40g/L对"光芒四射"的增殖效果最好,使其转接周期从60d缩至50d,增殖倍率从1.80增至2.52。